Globalization Is A Complex Phenomenon - 3186 Words

1.0 Introduction In the current world especially in the third world countries, over a billion people are living in acute poverty having below one dollar per day at their disposal to survive on. In the last 20 years, global flows of capital, goods, services, information and labor has grown in volume and accelerated considerably. A fervent criticism on corporate behavior and the failure of politics, have accused the process of globalization of worsening existing global inequalities and being responsible for growing levels of poverty. Globalization has not benefited majority of people in the Third World in spite of various development programs and global human rights tools. In essence, globalization is a complex phenomenon that brings new forms of social relations whilst at the same time maintaining the old approaches of capitalist development. The Third World countries are the main losers in the acceleration of globalization as compared to the developed states like West. 1.1 Globalization Globalization is defined as an integration of economy, finance, trade, and communications from a world-wide perspective, so as to establish an efficient economy on global basis. Globalization is the process of global integration cropping up from the exchange of world views, products, thoughts and other features of culture. Progress in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the increase of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are the main globalizationShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Is A Very Complex Phenomenon2152 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Globalisation is a very complex phenomenon. It is a synthetic expression of a large variety of social, economic, and technological factors. Its concept of impact and measurement is not universal, but vary according to specific interests. 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A Thesis On Computer Science Engineering - 9162 Words

BOTNET FRAMEWORK A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY In Computer Science Engineering By CHANCHAL AHLAWAT (Enrollment no: 21341314013) Under the Supervision of Mr. ANCHIT BIJALWAN Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) To the Faculty of Computer Science Engineering UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY DEHRADUN May, 2015 CERTIFICATE Certified that Chanachal Ahlawat (21341314001), has carried out the research work presented in this thesis entitled BOTNET FRAMEWORK for the award of Master of Technology from Uttaranchal University, Dehradun under my supervision. The thesis embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the student herself and the contents of the thesis do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution. 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Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse Free Essays

string(425) " and administration of a description or class of prescription only medicine†¦ or a written direction relating to the administration of a description or class of description only medicine, and which in the case of either is signed by a doctor†¦ and by a pharmacist; and relates to the supply and administration, or to administration, to persons generally \(subject to any exclusions which may be set out in the Direction\)\." Introduction The aim of this assignment is to discuss the global roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. The exercise will begin by briefly looking at the transition from student to nurse and thereafter outlining the basic roles of the newly qualified nurse and try to fit them into appropriate professional skills. In addition, there will be a critical examination of two roles in more detail with one of them focusing on Patient Group Directions (PGD), and justify their importance. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will then look at some legal, professional and ethical considerations before making a conclusion on the future role development of the nurse. The NMC require a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management, and show personal and professional development in order to join the register (NMC, 2010). On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must ‘know the answer’, whether it is a query from a patient, a carer, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that one is equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition. The newly qualified nurse must demonstrate they are fit to enter the NMC register and therefore be eligible to practice as a qualified nurse. In all cases, the newly qualified nurse is seen as: Provider of care Educator Counsellor Collaborator Researcher Change Agent Patient Advocate Manager The above are typically the roles of a newly qualified nurse which can be compressed into the NMC professional skills requirements listed below: Maintaining standards of care Making ethical and legal decisions Being accountable Teamworking Teaching others Being in charge. It is recognized that there is a certain amount of overlap in these professional skills and that some concepts cross all of them, in that there are no clear lines drawn where one skill ends and another starts. For the purpose of this analysis, we will look at the issue of making ethical and legal decisions and the Patient Group Direction. Decisions and actions are taken by nurses in the course of day-to-day practice. One would not usually consider each of the skills or concepts in isolation in relation to particular incidents but would make a decision based on the factors contributing to the situation. However, when analysing any situation, in the decisions made and the actions taken, some of the individual conceptual principles may be recognized and highlighted. For example, asking a member of staff to complete a task on your behalf is delegating. This fits neatly into leadership theory and also relates to aspects of accountability. Completing a health and safety audit in the work environment might relate to management theory and responsibility taken on. Completing a review of an individual’s care and setting goals for them in multidisciplinary meetings might relate to team working theory. Reporting of poor practices or environments might relate to aspects of accountability and maintaining standards of care. However, all of the above aspects could arise from analysing one situation where the nurse has to make decisions about a certain aspect of care management thus emphasizing the great importance of making ethical and legal decisions. DECISION MAKING PROCESS Nurses are problem solvers who use the nursing process as their tool. The chief goal of ethical decision-making process is to determine right and wrong in situations where clear demarcations are not apparent, and then search for the best answer. For a newly qualified nurse, the following will be a guide to making ethical decisions: State the Dilemma – State dilemma clearly, determine whether the problem/decision involves the nurse or only the patient, focus attention on ethical principles and follow the client’s wishes first while considering the family input in case of unconsciousness. Collect and Analyze Data – Know client’s and family’s wishes and all information about the problem. Keep abreast of any up to date legal and ethical issues; which may also overlap. Consider Choices of Action – Most ethical dilemmas have multiple solutions, some of which are more feasible than others. The more options that are identified, the more likely it is that an acceptable solution can be identified. It may require input from outside sources and other professionals such as Social workers etc. Make the Decision – The most difficult part of the process is making the decision, following through with the action, and then living with the consequences. Ethical dilemmas produce differences of opinion and not every one is pleased with the decision but it must be emphasized that client’s wishes always supercede the decision by health care providers but ideally, a collaborative decision is made by client, family, doctor and nurse thus producing fewer complications. Act – Once a course of action has been determined, the decision must be carried out. Implementing the decision usually involves collaboration with others. Evaluate – Unexpected outcomes are common in crisis situations that result in ethical dilemmas. It is important for decision makers to determine the impact an immediate decision may have on future ones. It is also important to consider whether a different course of action might have resulted in a better outcome. If the outcome accomplished its purpose, the ethical dilemma should be resolved and if the dilemma has not been resolved, additional deliberation is needed. Patient Group Direction (PGD) The legislation (Statutory Instrument, 200a) states that ‘Patient Group Direction means – in connection with the supply of a prescription only medicine†¦ a written direction relating to the supply and administration of a description or class of prescription only medicine†¦ or a written direction relating to the administration of a description or class of description only medicine, and which in the case of either is signed by a doctor†¦ and by a pharmacist; and relates to the supply and administration, or to administration, to persons generally (subject to any exclusions which may be set out in the Direction). You read "Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse" in category "Essay examples"’ In practice this means that a PGD, signed by a doctor and agreed by a pharmacist, can act as a direction to a nurse to supply and/or administer prescription-only medicines (POMs) to patients using their own assessment of patient need, without necessarily referring back to a doctor for an individual prescription. When can PGDs be used? The law is clear that the majority of care should be provided on an individual, patient-specific basis, and that the supply and administration of medicines under PGDs should be reserved for those situations where this offers an advantage for patient care (without compromising safety), and where it is consistent with appropriate professional relationships and accountability. The RCN interprets this to mean that PGDs should only be used to supply and/or administer POMs to homogeneous patient groups where presenting characteristics and requirements are sufficiently consistent for them to be included in the PGD e.g. infants and children requiring immunisation as part of a national programme. Which POMs can be supplied or administered under a PGD? PGDs can be used to supply and administer a wide range of POMs although there are currently legislative and ‘good practice’ restrictions in relation to controlled drugs, antimicrobials and black triangle drugs. Controlled drugs – The use of controlled drugs continues to be regulated under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and associated regulations made under that Act. The Home Office has agreed to allow the supply and administration of substances on Schedule 4 (with the exclusion of anabolic steroids) and all substances on schedule 5 to be included in PGDs. Antimicrobials – can be included within a PGD but consideration must be given to the risk of increased resistance within the general community. When seeking to draw up a PGD for antimicrobials, a local microbiologist should be involved and approval sought from the drug and therapeutics committee or equivalent. Black triangle drugs and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics Black triangle drugs (i.e. those recently licensed and subject to special reporting arrangements for adverse reactions) and medicines used outside the terms of the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) – sometimes called ‘off label use’ (for example, as used in some areas of specialist paediatric care) may be included in PGDs. Their use should be exceptional and justified by best clinical practice, and a direction should clearly describe the status of the products. How should PGDs be drawn up? The law (Statutory Instrument, 2000a) requires that PGDs should be drawn up by a pharmacist and the doctor who works with the nurses who will be using them. The relevant health authority should also ratify the PGD. In England, when PGDs are developed locally, HSC 2000/026 (NHSE, 2000) requires that a senior doctor and a senior pharmacist sign them off with authorisation from the appropriate health organisation, i.e. the trust, and that all nurses using the directions are specifically named within the PGD and signed by them. The RCN acknowledges this as good practice and recommends the following steps be taken throughout the UK. The NMC Standards for Medicines Management (2007) state that ‘the administration of drugs via PGD’s may not be delegated and students cannot supply or administer under a PGD. Students would however be expected to understand the principles and be involved in the process’ (NMC 2007). Failure to ascertain that a PGD is the most appropriate route can lead to waste of valuable time and resource and place increased risk on delivery and quality of patient care. Anyone involved with PGDs (whether developing, authorising or practising under them) should understand the scope and limitations of PGDs as well as the wider context into which they fit to ensure safe, effective services for patients. Any extension to professional roles with regard to administration and supply of medicines must take into account the need to protect patient safety, ensure continuity of care and safeguard patient choice and convenience. It also has to be cost effective and bring demonstrable benefits to patient care. Any practice requiring a PGD that fails to comply with the criteria falls outside of the Law and could result in criminal prosecution under the Medicines Act. With regard to the written instruction required for the supply and administration of medicines by non-professionals, Medicines Matters (2006) (3) clarifies that a suitably trained non-professional member of staff can only administer medicines under a Patient Specific Direction (PSD). Medicine Matters (2006) states that: â€Å"Patient Specific Direction is the traditional written instruction, from a doctor, dentist, nurse or pharmacist independent prescriber, for medicines to be supplied or administered to a named patient. The majority of medicines are still supplied or administered using this process.† There is nothing in legislation to prevent PSDs being used to administer medicines to several named patients e.g. on a clinic list. PSDs are a direct instruction and therefore do not require an assessment of the patient by the health care professional instructed to supply or administer the medicine. Pharmacy Only (P) and General Sales List (GSL) Medicines Medicines legislation states that a PGD is not required to administer a P or GSL medicine. The use of a simple protocol is advisable for best practice and from a governance perspective. All medicines administered must be recorded in the patient’s medical record. Where a GSL medicine is to be supplied it must be taken from lockable premises and supplied in a pre-pack which is fully labelled and meets the GSL requirements. A PGD will be necessary for the supply of P medicines by anyone other than a registered pharmacist. Recommend further advice to be sought from a pharmacist. (Ref: NPC PGDs 2004). For safe administration of drugs, the newly qualified nurse must give the right dose of the right drug to the right patient in the right route at the right time. When giving medications, the nurse needs to be aware of possible interactions between the patient’s different drugs. It is the nurse’s responsibility to protect the patient from harm. If they think the wrong drug or the wrong dose has been ordered, they must ask for help from the nurse or the doctor in charge. The newly qualified nurse needs to know the doses of the drug which are safe to administer. Sometimes the pharmacy gives out drugs in grams when the order specifies milligrams, or the other way around. They need to know how to convert these. It is important to know what types of dilemmas newly qualified nurses may face during their careers and how they may deal with it. It is also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how they may protect themselves from a malpractice suit. Firstly, it is important to understand the difference between law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and actions of people. Often times, there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, laws are binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by an authority. There are four types of situations that pertain to law and ethics. The first would be an action that is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctor’s orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical but not legal, such as allowing a cancer patient to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal nor ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not take responsibility to report to it appropriately. The right of service users to expect practitioners to act in their best interests is reinforced by professional codes of conduct and legislation such as the Mental Health Act. It is also reflected in equality of opportunity legislations such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Race Relation Act, which aim to ensure that everybody has equal access to and is offered equal care by health and social care service. Patient’s right to confidentiality under statutory duties is stipulated in the Data Protection Act, Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights, Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and Access to Health Record Acts 1990. The code does require that nurses must disclose information if they believe someone may be at risk of harm in line with the law. As a nurse, respecting autonomy means you must effectively communicate with patients, be truthful, enable patients to make decisions freely, provide appropriate information and accept the patient’s preferences. Legally, patients must be given enough information to make a balanced judgement however we must be aware that if nurses fail to comply with the legal duty of disclosure, they could face a negligence claim. However, under the principle of therapeutic privilege they can legally withhold information that they think will harm the patient Some patients whether children or adults are unable either to make or to communicate their decisions therefore they lack (or have limited) capacity. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 that create and clarifies the common law on consent in England and Wales, affects everyone aged 16 and over, and provides a statutory framework to empower and protect people who may not be able to make some decisions for themselves. The moral justifications for acting without consent are the principles of beneficence (the duty to do good) and non-maleficence (the duty to do no harm). Paternalism is overriding someone’s autonomy because you think it is for their own good. However, it is justifiable if we can demonstrate that the patient is at risk of significant, preventable harm, or the action will probably prevent the harm, or the patient’s capacity for rational reflection is either absent or significantly impaired, or at a later time, it can be assumed that the patient will approve of the decision taken on his/her behalf, or the benefits to the patient of intervention outweigh the risks. Also, we live in a society where demands for accountability and taking responsibility are so commonplace that pinning the blame on someone or something has become almost a fad. The NHS’ culture of blame has developed basically because no one wants to be accountable or responsible for actions or omissions hence there are no longer any accidents or mistakes. Principles of beneficence and non-maleficence underpin the concept of fault – which lies at the heart of negligence law. Beneficence means that you must act in ways that benefit others (i.e. duty to care), and Non-maleficence means that you have a duty not to harm others nor subject them to risk of harm. Every nursing intervention that aims to benefit patients may at the same time also harm them. Sometimes the harm will be unavoidable or even intentional and at other times it can be unintentional and unexpected, therefore it is appropriate to think about the principles of non-maleficence and beneficence together in order to balance harm and benefits against each other. We can resolve this problem responsibility and accountability. These words are sometimes used interchangeably because they do overlap but in actual fact they do not mean the same thing. Being responsible can mean that it is your job or role to deal with something and/or that you have caused something to happen. Accountability on the other hand is about justifying your action or omissions and establishing whether there are good enough reasons for acting in the way you did. Even where the newly qualified nurse delegate tasks to others, such as nursing auxiliaries or care assistants she/he is accountable to the patients through a duty of care, underpinned by a common-law duty to promote safety and efficiency, and legal responsibility through civil law, the employer as defined by your contract of employment, the profession as stated in the relevant codes of conduct and the public. Conclusion All newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should ‘know everything’. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their relevant specialized fields. However, it is important to recognize that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their field, especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything, but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurse’s ‘new’ area of work and a good deal of the development needs to ta ke place ‘on the job’. References: Bach, S. Grant, A., 2009. Communication Interpersonal Skills for Nurses. Exeter: Learning Matters Ltd. Chitty, K. K., 2001. Professional Nursing: concepts challenges. 3rd ed. Pennsylvania: W. B. Saunders Company. Davis, M., 1988. Managing Care – Teaching Nurses Workbook. London: DLC South Bank Polytechnic. Dimond, B., 2008. Legal Aspects of Nursing. 5th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. Dimond, B., 2009. Legal Aspects of Consent. 2nd ed. London: MA Healthcare Limited. Lancaster, J. Lancaster, W., 1982. The nurse as a change agent. Missouri: The C.V. Mosby Company. Nursing Midwifery Council, 2010. Standards for medicine management. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing Midwifery Council, 2010. The Code. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010). Competencies for entry to the register (Online). Available at standards.nmc-uk.org (Accessed March 18, 2011). Royal College of Nursing (2006). Patient Group Directions: Guidance and Information for Nurses. Londoon: RCN How to cite Discuss the global roles and responsibilities of a newly qualified nurse, Essay examples

Provision Australia Governing Legal Mattersâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Provision Australia Governing Legal Matters? Answer: Introducation In the provision of Australia, there are certain common laws available that are governing the legal matters. There are certain laws deals with contract related matters. In the present case, there is a provision based on tender work (Alexander and Merkert 2017). In a business country like Australia, tender is a common process. Tendering process is observed in private as well as public sector. It is used to procure the goods and services within the continent of Australia (Bailey, 2014). It is a fact that in the tendering process, certain provisions of the contract law is being followed up. However, through the tendering process, no legal relationship is being created within the principle and the tender holder. In the process of tendering, there is a lack of interest shown in between the parties because of the absence of legal relationship (Cartwright 2016). In the present case, the university has demanded for certain specified seeds. The company has conducted a tendering process regarding the same. In case of tender, there are certain proceedings should be maintained (Goodall 2015). In case of tender, closing dates are important. Here, it has been observed that the University has mentioned a closing date for the tender and there are three companies, who are applied for the same. The closing date of the tender was 1 June and there was a rule that the tender application must be gone in the tender box. Among the three companies, two companys letter was put in the tender box. However, the application of another company named Enviro was submitted on early basis (Keyes 2017). As per the provision of law, when there is an offer is made for a certain subject and the same be accepted by the other party, there will be a contract in between two rose. The contracting parties must be competent to make the agreement and the eligibility of the parties should not be restricted by any of the provision of the Contract Act (Lam and Lee 2014). The parties should have certain intention to participate in the bid. However, the most important thing regarding the bid or tender is it should be treated as an invitation and not creates any contract thereby. In Pratt Contractor Limited v. Palmerston North City Council, it was held by the court that bids are only an uncomplicated request and not binding the parties in any manner. The main issue is about the contractual positions of all the parties. An offer has been made by the University and it has been observed that three companies had shown their interest in that (McKendrick 2014). There are certain essentials of contract take place, such as offer, acceptance, consideration, capability of the parties. However, an important point is to be taken place regarding the acceptance of the offer of those companies by the University. In this case, the conditions given by Plant Forever had been accepted by University but the same was failed to reach at the company. This act failed to bind the parties legally. Another element of contract is knowledge. But the acts of the parties had failed to meet this ingredient. There is a difference between tender and contract. Tender arose when there is an invitation made and it comprised of certain terms. In the other hand, contract means an agreement that is binding by law. However, in the case of Plant forever, there was no leg al relationship had been made in between the them. The tender conditions of Greenland were lowest in nature and the reputation of the company is also not good. Therefore, the University authorities had not revealed their interest towards the company. In case of the Enviro, it has been observed that the conditions of the company were attracted. There were certain problems cropped up regarding the company. First, the company had posted the tender in a wrong way and the letter of the tender was posted at an early stage. However, the University authority had somehow managed the situation but the administrative assistant had misplaced the letter and therefore, it was not possible for University to make any agreement with Enviro (Morse and Deutsch 2016). Therefore, from the above paragraphs, it is cleared that there are certain differences present in between tender and contract. It can be observed that certain invitation had been made regarding the seeds but there were no agreement made among University and three companies and no legal relationship had been made. Therefore, it can be stated that there were no contract position has ever created in this case. In Australia, there is a law enacted that are deals with the Electronic Transaction enacted in the year 1999 and the case of Footloose attracts the provision of the Act. There are certain provisions regarding the Australian Contract Act that are also applied in this particular case. In Australia, the nature of the laws is common law and the origin of the same derives from English law. In this case, there is a provision on offer and acceptance. According to the common law principle, offer is an invitation made by any competent person at any stage and there is a close distinction between offer and invitation to deal (Ready 2015). In this case, an auction had been made by the Footloose Ltd. in a local paper with certain discounts on shoes. The offer made by the company is a type of offer and the same was posted on 1st October. In the poster, there was a provision regarding the amount of the shoes and the offer made by the company attracted the terms of the tender conditions (Skeel 2014). After the offer had been made by the manufacturing company, two sales companies had accepted the offer. Under the Australian Contract Act, an acceptance can be made by three ways but there is no particular form of acceptance (Smith and Duke 2014). As per the law of England, the acceptance should be made without any coercion or undue influence. As per the statement of the case, on 2nd October, a shoe company revealed its interest against the offer and they announce their willingness regarding the offer to the Sales Manager of Footloose. The offer made by the Footloose Ltd. was public in nature. Therefore, there can be more than one acceptance regarding the same offer (Smith and Duke 2014). On 6th October, another shoe company, James Shoe accepted the offer and followed the same principle as the previous company. The Sales manager of Footloose had responded him back only and a contract made between the two. It is noteworthy that in case of any sale, there must be certain consideration and in this case, the elements of the point have been fulfilled. The consideration item and money, both are stated by the companies and both of them are agreed on it. The proposal made by James was in a written version. In the chapter of acceptance, it is clearly mentioned that an acceptance can be made in three ways among which there is a point on written version. Therefore, it can be stated that the acceptance process of James is acceptable by law. After getting the nod from the Footloose Ltd. James decided to fix a date for the final settlement with the manufacturing company and replied them back on 8th October. In this case, a chain of dates are to be seen. Agreements are made of certain proposals and that are to be consigned by the parties. After the proposal made by James, both the parties had made certain propositions and decided a final date for the contract of those tendered shoes. On 10th October they had came into the conclusion that they should meet somewhere else to finalise the matter and sign the agreement to facilitate the contractual relationship. The case has enlightened the provision of the Electronic Transaction Act 1999 as all the dealings were made by way of Fax (Swain 2014). The provision of the Act applies only where there is an electronic contract is being used. Therefore, it can be stated that the case is attracting certain provisions of the said Act. The Australian Courts are also of the view that online transactions and electronic contract are the two main contents of the Act and the same was proved in a case decision of Australian Communication of Media Authority v. Mobiligated Ltd. (2009). Therefore, from the above named paragraphs, it can be stated that the contract was made in between Footloose and James shoe. The reason behind the same is that the offer or conditions proposed by James was accepted by the shoe manufacturing company and both the parties were ready to made the contract final. A chain of dates are mentioned here in this case and that are of important in nature. Each date prescribe certain events that were attract the provision of the Contract law. Reference: Alexander, D.W. and Merkert, R., 2017. Challenges to domestic air freight in Australia: Evaluating air traffic markets with gravity modelling. Journal of Air Transport Management, 61, pp.41-52. Bailey, J., 2014.Construction Law. Crc Press. Cartwright, J., 2016. Contract law: An introduction to the English law of contract for the civil lawyer. Bloomsbury Publishing. Goodall, H., 2015. Contract gangs: race, gender and vulnerability. Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 7(3), pp.23-36. Keyes, M., 2017. Australia: Foreign Law in Australian International Litigation: Developing the Common Law. 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